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中評智庫:從阿富汗撤軍看拜登施政風格

http://www.CRNTT.com   2021-10-23 00:06:35  


 
  注釋:

  ①Robert J. Lieber: "Biden Foreign Policy: Sobered by Reality or Condemned to Repetition",in Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Published online: 01 Jul 2021

  ②同時,若依照過往數據,則美國公眾對於外交政策上的成敗一般記憶時長並不太久,這一點也許會潛在地對拜登有利,參閱https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/21/politics/biden-afghanistan-polling-analysis/index.html

  ③參閱William G. Howell: Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action (Princeton University Press, 2015 ); Jeremy D. Bailey: The Idea of Presidential Representation: An Intellectual and Political History (University Press of Kansas, 2019); John A. Dearborn: Power Shifts: Congress and Presidential Representation (University of Chicago Press, 2021)

  ④參閱https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/us/politics/afghanistan-biden-administration.html 和 https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/cia-warned-rapid-afghanistan-collapse-so-why-did-u-s-n1277026

  ⑤參閱https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/07/joe-biden-andrew-saul-trump-unitary-executive.html ; 亦可參閱 https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/07/23/the-necessary-perils-of-bidens-unitary-presidency/ 與 https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-meaning-of-bidens-firing-spree-11626129832

  ⑥參閱https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020 /12/10/nathan-simington-christopher-waller-fcc-federal-reserve-appointments-unitary-executive-authority-444136

  ⑦參閱https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05 /29/executive-privilege-immunity-biden-trump/

  ⑧參閱https://www.aei.org/society-and-culture/bidens-imperial-presidency-moment/ ;以及 https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/presidential-unity-and-the-afghanistan-disaster/

  ⑨關於此書的詳情介紹,可參閱李海默:《“深層政府”與一元型總統制:美國當代政治中的兩個幽靈?》,刊於上海澎湃新聞,2021-05-24。

  ⑩當然,這樣的建議是否真的可行,其實也要打一個很大的問號,不僅美國國會早已是政治極化現象表現最為突出的所在,而且現在民主黨在國會兩院實際都是微弱多數,更遑論最近美國新一輪人口統計出爐,在國會裡因人口增長而增加席次的是紅州,掉了席次的反而是藍州。

  ⑪關於特朗普這方面的表現,可參閱李海默:《特朗普說美國總統想幹嘛就幹嘛,假如漢密爾頓復生會怎麼看?》,刊於 澎湃新聞,2020-07-08;與李海默:《學理上,美國會是否能夠限制約束特朗普關稅權力?》,刊於 觀察者網,2018-07-30。

  ⑫參閱https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-railed-against-deep-state-he-also-built-his-own-n1258385

  ⑬參閱https://www.salon.com/2021/02/15/trump-waged-war- on-the-deep-statecan-bidens-good-government-approach-work-now/

  ⑭參閱https://news.yale.edu/2021/03/29/after-trump-reining-imperial-presidency


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